Approaces in normative ethics Essay Example for Free

Approaces in normative ethics Essay There are three major approaces in normative ethics including virtue ethics, deontological ethics, and utilitarianism. This paper is going to compare the similarities and differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. It will include a description of the differences in how each theory addresses ethics and morality and it will also discuss an experience to explain the relationship between virtue, values, and moral concepts as they relate to one of the three theories. Differences In How These Theories Address Ethics and Morality Virtue ethics, deontological ethics, and utilitarianism are the three major approaches in normative ethics. Virtue ethics emphasizes the virtues, or moral character, while deontology emphasizes duties or rules, and utilitarianism emphasizes the consequences of actions. Virtue ethics is also called agent-based or character ethics. According to Boylan (2009), when using the virtue ethics approach, one should take the viewpoint that in living their life they should try to cultivate excellence in all that they do. It encourages people to develop their character as the basis for the good life. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome. Utilitarianism suggests that an action is morally right when that action produces more total utility for the group than any other alternative (Boylan, 2009). Deontological ethics judges the morality of an action based on the actions adherence to a rule or rules. This form of ethics uses rules and duties to determine what is â€Å"right†. Deontological ethics is opposed to consequentialism. Deontology maintains the wrongness of actions resides in the kind of action that it is, rather than the consequences it brings about. A deontologist, for example, would find the act of killing an innocent man wrong simply because it is the killing of an innocent man. A consequentialist might find this action wrong because it deprives someone of future happiness and causes grief to a family. Virtues, Values, and Moral Concepts For individuals who follow the deontology theory, they must apply obligations and rules to their personal conduct. An individuals obligation is to make sure they pay their bills. This helps them to support their family, which is an obligation to people who accept this kind of lifestyle. Some individuals accept not to follow this path in life. A person could easily look at an electric bill and throw it off to the side, and instead, take the money and gamble it away. This would not be the case for a deontologist. A deontologist follows their obligations. A person who follows the theory of a deontology also has to think about virtue, value, and moral concepts. There really is no way to separate the three, as they all play into the same hand. When confronted with a moral or ethical dilemma, virtue, value, and moral concepts all play a part in an individuals thinking process. Conclusion There are three major approaches in normative ethics: virtue ethics, utilitarianism, and deontology. All of these theories are used by mankind to determine what is â€Å"right† and what is â€Å"wrong†. Whatever theory an individual accepts to use as their guide, it is important to accept one of these theories in an effort to help ourselves and mankind. References Boylan, M. (2009). Basic ethics (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Hursthouse, R. (2010). Virtue Ethics. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2010 Edition). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=ethics-virtue

Implications of cctv surveillance in society

Implications of cctv surveillance in society Implications of CCTV Surveillance in Society Introduction Surveillance as equated in the Oxford Dictionary; Supervision, close observation, [and] invigilation of individuals who are not trusted to work or go about unwatched (Fowler and Fowler 1964: 1302). Surveillance has become a part of society and seems to be everywhere. People are supervised by many different methods every day. Being a huge part of society, surveillance is continuously discussed in both the public and private sectors. Being such a widely debated topic in society today, the implications and complications it brings to the everyday life are only one of the main areas of focus in many discussions. This article concludes of how surveillance affect the society by looking at fewer aspects linked to surveillance. One of the reasons why surveillance causes implications in social life is because it is everywhere; the idea of surveillance is transformed from one simple idea of keeping an eye on ones not trusted to another as technology continued to develop further. When one thinks of surveillance, first thought that comes up would be CCTV (Close Circuit Television) because it is most common and well-known type of surveillance that is widely used, but surveillance goes a lot further then just CCTV. In fact, CCTV itself is a broad subject to consider for study. The following discussion is mainly based upon CCTV surveillance while taking a glance at different types of surveillance techniques and how they cause implications to social life of society CCTV Surveillance is a broad topic and CCTV is not the only surveillance that is watching over the society, other techniques such as Biometrics, Mobile Phones, and Phone tapping, Local Area Networks (LAN) and workplace surveillance also adds to the surveillance. It is believed though that it is CCTV in general that tends to concern society. This is mainly due to the number of CCTV cameras installed in town centres across the UK and the cost of having them and keeping them running, partially because the idea of being watched 24/7 leaves society a very little chance to socialize privately. In January 2000, Prime Minister Tony Blair announced the expansion of CCTV network in England with the input of an enormous ÂÂ £150 million of public money (Parker, 2000). Before the expansion, there were already 1.3 million CCTV Cameras throughout the nation keeping an eye on society and public in restaurants, parks, streets, malls and other public places. Parker stated that the expansion was rising at the rate of 20% a year with the number of CCTV cameras watching us a year in the United Kingdom. A recent study obtained by London Liberal Democrat Justin Davenport due to the freedom of information act, the study showed that the average cost of keeping these cameras running is believed to be around ÂÂ £20 million per year and over the past decade. Over ÂÂ £200 Million has been spent on CCTV cameras in London only. The shocking factor that comes to mind is that this study was just based within the city of London. The total bulge sum of the whole nation would be signific antly higher which is paid out from the taxpayers money. Another Research carried out by London Evening Standards showed that up to 90 per cent of CCTV installations fail to comply with the Information Commissioners UK CCTV code of practice, yet they are still there keeping a watch over the city. Obviously the reason given for this was to control crimes and vandalism across the nation, but as years passed. The cameras installed came to be used as trackers and to keep an eye on any suspicious characters within the society. Parker said that any average working men would be seen by over 300 cameras a day in any big city in the United Kingdom. Stated example of someone leaving home in the morning for work till they get back home in the evening is being used to support Parkers example. But it doesnt stop there, after being at home, any activities such as talking on the phone or surfing the web on the laptop or mobile phone would carry on being surveillance. This can be due to the security of the nation but knowing of being innocent and still being watched 24/7 would just feel wrong. It is claimed that surveillance is there for security to reduce crime, to keep a watch over public places and for safer working environment in work places, it is there to keep track of a criminal or suspects or even to capture a crime-taking place. Nevertheless, as much as CCTV Surveillance claims to bring reduction to crime levels, there has not been definite evidence to support such claims. The reduction is there but may not be as high as claimed because it is easy to move out of sight of the unforgiving eye, and according to Professor Ditton of the Scottish Centre for criminology closed CCTV camera system in town and city centres have failed to match their anti-crime expectations (Parker, 2000). The term for surveillance being everywhere is known as Routine surveillance which is a part of residential areas, schools, road traffic, car park and petrol stations, telephone booth and cash machines, railway stations, retail and commercial, hospitals, stadiums and police surveillance (Norris and Armstrong, 1999). Generally, Being under surveillance and being under watch would create unsecure feeling for any individual but Parker stated that 72% of the people do not object but parker did not fail to mention that the same amount of public are worried that the cameras could easily be abused in the hands of the wrong people(Parker, 2000). A very notorious example of CCTV Technology being misused happened in London outside Harvey Nicholls store. The cameras are designed to go in close to observe suspicious characters and shoplifters but in this case, it was used to look closely at Lady Diana, Princess of Wales. The operator captured the footage while Lady Diana was leaving the store and the tape discovered later in a desk drawer. The footage was a close up shot of her appealing figure and the operator was lingering over her for almost over a minute (Norris Armstrong). Such events like this would remind the society that the CCTV may be there for a good reason but its operator can never be trusted with all that power and reach. It is said in many comic books and movies that with great power, comes great responsibility (Spiderman, 2002; Stan Lee), and its events as such that discourages the society towards the idea of CCTV. Parker in Total Surveillance, 2000 has given many other similar examples. CCTV is widely discouraged however events such as Last moments of Lady Diana, Princess of Wales were captured by CCTV has affected the attitudes and encouraged the belief of CCTV surveillance not be a bad thing after all. Small 2-minute footage of Lady Dianas last moments was uploaded on You Tube (Probably the biggest Social Self Broadcasting website in the world) roughly in 2008. The footage has then been watched all over and across the world and showed on the news channels on TV. You Tube itself has had almost 300,000 views in less than two years of its upload date. When such tragic things happen to anyone, the footage that is recorded by the near CCTV camera becomes the last source of that persons moments. The footage can then be looked at and analysed by the police for investigation to bring justice, but the same footage can also be the last sight of that person to be seen by their family. CCTV Surveillance; first discovered in early nineteenth century (Holtzman, 2006) but since then, it has gone through a vast amount of improvements as seen in todays CCTV cameras and systems. CCTVs were mainly used by military and army forces but it was later on when CCTV made its entry within workplaces. It wasnt till later when government decided to introduce them to keep an eye on society and public. In 2000, more than half of the UK workforce was being monitored at the highest levels, even places like rest rooms, cafe area and restaurants that are far away from the actual working area were under watch. Workplaces came under surveillance for many reasons such as to protect the premises from vandalism, theft, drugs and physical abuse towards other employees and also to keep an eye on all the employees working to enable the employer to see what they are doing. Such environment and atmosphere can be illustrated as untrustworthy environment where there would be no such thing as trust. Later after CCTV, other surveillance techniques came within the working force, techniques such as; e-mail scanning, tapping telephone conversations, voicemail and computer file scanning, unseen Desktop surveillance that records individual workstation activities. If that was not already enough, companies started installing software to keep track of the internet usage by every individual employee. It would gather information such as websites visited, time spent on each website and the same would go for telephone conversations to what number and for how long. According to Parker, the reason organisations gave for taking away the remaining personal space while at work fell into following four categories; To ensure employee health, safety and protection (from abuse or violence); To guard against theft of goods, information and trade secrets; To monitor employees performance, attitude and demeanour; To gather evidence in support of court action arising out of any of the above three reasons. Communication The email scanning and communication surveillance came into action because information was being transmitted through emails, faxes and phone calls. Important documents started going missing and eventually it became efficient to have such systems available on workplaces for the good of the business. Such systems were first installed by banks and building societies due to their assets of information contained within about their customers. If such information was to end up in wrong hands then the company would have to pay the liability and to avoid being in such situations, companies took drastic measures. A very recent catastrophic event occurred on November 2009 within a leading mobile phone company T-Mobile, where an employee stole vital customers data and sold it to rival networks in UK; the Guardian newspaper stated this even as Employee Data Theft Leads To U.K.s Largest Data Breach; The employee sold millions of customer records to data brokers. It is events and crimes as such com mitted by few people in society that leads to generation of new laws. Laws today states that every organisation (big or small) is required to keep a record of CCTV and communication surveillance to and from business for minimum of 12 months in case of further requirement by officials and government authorities as evidence if required, (Lyon, 2002). It is acceptable that the entire span of communication is under surveillance for national security to locate and track any possessed threats but it is believed that almost 98% of communication made across the work is personal and private without conflicting any threat and it is only that 2% of communication that may possess a threat to the national security but that is maybe if not due to misunderstanding. All the factors about communication surveillance are part of workplace surveillance and the mostly monitored factor would be electronic mail surveillance within workplaces. But added factors such as ID Cards and Biometric Surveillance are also part of workplace surveillance which tends to affect the privacy issues. Information about every employee that works at the firm would have to give their biometric details to their employer. This varies from finger prints, eye retina scan, internal nerve scan, palm scan and further more if the firm is working with higher valued assets and critical information. This is for the sake of security of both; the firms assets and employees. But having the control of the surveillance systems could determine the power relations in the workplace which could lead to being blackmailed and kept under pressure for the mistakes made. It is an advantage for having a system in place but it could be used for many other purposes such as finding out details about s omeone without being authorised. Factors about CCTV Surveillance A very well illustrated study carried out in the United States of America by Norris and Armstrong has showed and produced many different approaches made towards the surveillance of society. As people are being surveillance, they are being split into categories and Clive has shown them in very well illustrated tables in Chapter 6 of The Maximum Surveillance Society; The Rise of CCTV. As technology became more advance, the reach of CCTV went further which caused the split in public being watched over. Operators started concentrating on certain types of people within the society. Certain types of people were being watched over more than others. This could be due to the age, sex, attitude, attire or even skin colour. In Clives research, it is shown that only 35% of white people were being surveillance for no obvious reason where as 68% of black population was being watched over for no obvious reason. It is main factors like such and the cost of keeping the systems running that tends to c ause implications within the society and public. Spy Being looked over all the time would conceive meaning of personal space and privacy being invaded while conserving any remaining personal space for socialising. As much as one wants a little bit of privacy, it would be hard to get in todays informatics age. Every aspect and portable technology that public carries around such as mobile phones and portable computers are linked to the global network which can be or is being monitored and analysed 24/7. A very recently discovered spy base in North Yorkshire THE MENWITH HILL SITE is known to be the biggest spy base in the world, it belongs to the Americans but very little is known about what happens at the base and what is being looked after. In a documentary Counterblast: The death of Privacy in 2000 on BBC2 by Simon Davies. Davies discovered that all form of communication made (in the UK or the World is yet unknown) passes through the Menwith Hill after being analysed by computer for suspicious content. The same is believed today as ver y little is known about it but it is certain that there are dozens of comparable sites across the world that carries out such procedures for national security. (MI5, MI6 and any intelligence institutes are all categorised under SPY) Other Surveillances As the technology improved further over the years, the government had installed Auto Recognition Software features in most CCTV cameras across the nation, term today known as face recognition and other recognition type such as Number plate recognition on roads. The government had to pay a little price for implementing this features but it is the public that had to pay the bigger price for taking away their own privacy. Hence the system would help them keep track of anyone travelling from one point to another. The technology was developed to be used for public safety but now it has been prioritised towards the national security so public is being watched and analysed to look for any threats possessed. Technology is now advancing onto implementation of a little device into human body that would carry every single detail about an individual. It would contain the financial data, health record and all the other details. This device has been tested and is already being used few countries and clubs (You tube) and not so long till it becomes essential requirement for everyone in the society. Conclusion It is fairly obvious to guess where the world is going with surveillance, the legislations, laws, and government are only adding to whats already there without realising that whatever there is, it is quiet enough. At the rate the CCTV Surveillance is growing, it can be predicted that there will be a time where public will not go unnoticed by the watchful eyes of government and authorities. This is only going to cost more to the society and it will be the society that will have to pay the government to add the discomfort to the social lives. Government have to pay lower price for such implementation of technology and systems but it is the public that have to pay back twice as much by letting their personal privacy being taken away from them, which is the price that public pays. The more systems are being implemented, the more data gets stored and the information asset gets bigger by day, which if falls in wrong hands then the damage could be unimaginable. The surveillance is always going to grow further with new technology and features and it is that particular idea of having the power that spoils even the nicest of human being intentions. It would be very hard to trust the reach and control of these systems but if safety is needed and required in society then these are the factors that have to be accepted without any exceptions. The answers are there but its up to the society if whether or not they want some of the privacy or nothing at all. Complete safety and no privacy or a little bit of both. REFERENCES: Davies, S. (2000) Counterblast The death of privacy, BBC2 Holtzman, D.H. (2002) Privacy Lost, How technology is endangering your privacy Hosein, G. (2004) Privacy and or as Freedom Introna, L.D. (2000) Workplace Surveillance, Privacy and Distributive Justice, Computers and Society. University of Lancaster, UK Lyon D. (2003) Surveillance as Social Sorting (Privacy, Risk and Digital Discrimination) Lyon, D. (2002) EVERYDAY SURVEILLANCE, Personal data and social classifications Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Norris, C. and Armstrong, G. (2000). The Maximum Surveillance Society. The Rise of CCTV Parker, D. (2000) Total Surveillance (Investigating the BIG Brother world of E-Spies, Eavesdropping and CCTV) Rule, J. (1973), Private Lives and Public Surveillance. THE GUARDIAN NEWSPAPER WEBPAGE (2009) T-Mobile confirms biggest phone customer data breach [WWW] Available from:http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/nov/17/t-mobile-phone-data-privacy THIS IS LONDON (2007) Most CCTV cameras are illegal, watchdog claims [WWW] Available from: news/article-23398834-most-cctv-cameras-are-illegal-watchdog-claims.do THIS IS LONDON (2007) Tens of thousands of CCTV cameras, yet 80% of crime unsolved [WWW] Available from: news/article-23412867-tens-of-thousands-of-cctv-cameras-yet-80-of-crime-unsolved.do

Leadership Being a Change Manager

Leadership Being a Change Manager Abstract Ronald Heifetz has done wonders in the field of leadership his approach to leadership so compelling is that he is much honest about the demands of real leadership. the role of leadership is drastically changing, as the new responsibility is helping in facing the reality and mobilizes them to make change, but making such changes has not been easy. This is due to many challenges that future and current leaders are facing. For instance, the future leaders will be facing the challenges of adapting to the world of rapid change. This is so especially in Dubai, where the preservation of what is most important from the past while moving into the future is an everyday experience. To deal with such situations, future leaders need to focus on the cultural diversity, due to an increase in the significance of globalization, the future leaders the new leaders will need to appreciate cultural diversity. They also need to look at technological savvy as it will be the main competence for the global l eader of the future. Another area that future leaders need to focus on is the construction of partnerships, this is because The process of restructuring, reengineering as well as downsizing, are resulting to a world in which outsourcing of all except core practices might become the norm. The new blueprint models depend on the availability of proven best practices in the organization planning. They also defines the technology as well as the process design choices , which allows customers to jump-to start new efforts and extends their existing planning budgeting and focusing deployments across their organizations. There are several qualities that an effective future leader has to posses. Some of them include, being Charisma, Positive Attitude, Motivation, Honesty and Assertiveness. This paper also found that, there are many lessons that we can learn from the behaviors of the past leaders. For instance, there is so much hunger for leadership in business current. Every person wants leaders who are the best leaders; hence great leaders have to face the reality. In addition, we learn that, organizations have a remarkable tendency of underestimating their external threats, while overstating d their own powers. As a reason, it is very difficult for leaders to convince indivi duals face reality in life. The paper concluded that future leaders have no alternative other than becoming good change mangers. Introduction It has proved has proved to be much hard to imagine the future leader without looking at Ronald Heifetz, who is one of the worlds leading authorities on leadership. The goodness with Heifetz is that, his approach to leadership so compelling is that he is much honest about the demands of real leadership. It has been argued that, the role of leadership is drastically changing, as the new responsibility is helping in facing the reality and mobilizes them to make change. However, making change is much painful. Most individuals have smiling faces in view of what it means by leading, but get a rude awakening when they find themselves with a leadership opportunity. (William, 1999). The process of exercising leadership generates both pain and resistance; individuals get worried that, they might end up losing something that might be worthwhile. Areas That the New Leader Need To Focus On Cultural Diversity As there has been an increase in the significance of globalization, the future leaders the new leaders will need to appreciate cultural diversity. They will have to get acquainted themselves not only with the economic and legal differences, but also the social and behavioral differences that are also part of working globally. -it has been shown that respect for differences in people is one of the most important qualities of a successful global leader. (Marshall, 2005). It has been proved that, the development of culture understanding is termed as not only an obligation, but also as an opportunity. Appreciation of culture diversity includes all things that makes up culture, may it be small or big. For instance, few Americans working in the Middle East have taken their time to read the Koran. It is much clear that, religion is considered as being one of the significant variables that influences behaviors in the religion. Smaller issues like the meaning of gifts or the significance of t imeliness will need to be understood also. It has been noted that, the capability of motivating individuals in different cultures is becoming mostly significance. The motivation strategies that tend to be effective and efficient in one culture might not be effective in the other. Effective leaders, who happen to learn, appreciate and motivate their followers across cultural diversity, will be valuable resource in future. Technological Savvy High-potential leaders globally are consistently expressing the point that technological savvy will be the main competence for the global leader of the future. On trend on this issue is much clear, the younger the participants, the higher their reiteration on the technological savvy importance. Most of the young future leaders, have been brought up in an error of technology, and view it just as part and parcel of their life. Current leaders view technological savvy as a very important thing for staff individuals, but never for the line officers that run the business. With technological, future leaders will have to learn on how the intelligent use of new technologies will help their organizations, recruitment, development as well as maintaining a network of individuals who are technically competent, they also need to know the procedure of making and managing investments in new technologies. Last but not least, they need to be positive examples in the use of new technologies. All these are based on the fact that, in future, technology will become a critical factor that will tent to impact the companys core business. Building partnerships The construction of partnership along with alliances of all forms is looked upon as being very much important for the future than as it was in the past. Organizations that formed alliances in the past like IBM are forming alliances regularly today. This trend is projected to be far much significant in future. The process of restructuring, reengineering as well as downsizing, are resulting to a world in which outsourcing of all except core practices might become the norm. The capability of negotiating complex alliances and management of complex networks will be much significant in future. The changing responsibility of suppliers, customers along with partners has deeper implication for leaders. In the past, it was much clear on who the enemies or friends are, while in future this role is becoming blurred. In diversified field like telecommunication, similar organization might be the supplier as well as the customer, competitor or partner. New and Distinctive Challenges Faced By New Leader The second challenge is that, individuals might not be willing to be lead by the leader. Sometimes, this comes as a shock, but no one might be willing to work with the leader promotions and titles may confer grudging to0lerance and even a little bit more difference, but never credibility as well as real respect. Another problem is that, everyone might be having an agenda, but they might not be willing to share it. New leaders have a tendency of believing that, every person looks at business challenges, departmental objectives, and a long with the initiatives from the similar perspective with them. They need to learn on how to pay attention to their associates, so that they can be a position of understanding their unique agendas, motivation, interests, motivation along with their ambitions. The next thing is that, personal problems of their associates to become their problems. It has been proved that both new managers as well as experienced ones in most cases attract their mates personal problems to become their personal problems. It is true that, at times, they usually find themselves in the receiving end of [other individuals challenges in their private lives, with their health, their finances, among other dilemmas that individuals encounter. There are times that such leaders follow their instincts which might be wrong. Since they do have the authority to say, Is best left for your parenting chores and checked at the door when you enter the office. (McCarthy, 2009). In most cases, success comes when individuals leading the success are not the subject. It is much important for some individuals to realize individuals never change their nature. In most cases, new leaders make their weaknesses to be their focal point. Some times leaders take the responsibility of fixing the flaws of their associates. As an effect, they need to learn to leverage individuals strength, and develop groups whose members need to have complimentary skills. This will make one succeed beyond their wildest visions. Leaders tend to start off overly nit-picky; but Im sure Art would agree that there are times when weaknesses do have to be addressed. (McCarthy, 2009). Sometime new leaders are faced with the responsibilities of being a ware of over-investing their times with the wrong individuals. At every point, the managers will at the some time get to deal with the brilliant problem child employee, with the outstanding technical withstanding skills but fatal flaws concerning other people skills. Such like employees in one way or the other lack the emotional intelligence, for them to recognize their aberrant behaviors. As an effect, they rarely ever change, (Fullan, 2001). Blueprint for Dynamic Planning The blue print operational planning systems were designed to be highly flexible, where there are a variety of operations along with incidents are managed. The common traits of blueprints are that, they do have a scale have a scale for the size of the deliverables, as well as clear indications of the dimensions of any component elements displayed in the drawing. (McCarthy, 2009). In schematics, the scales might not be exact, however, the forms of elements that needs to be used as well as the nature of such elements tent to be expressed in details. They all have legends that explain the any of the unusual symbols which might be used for the representation of features in the drawing. In most cases, blueprint spans as many pages as possible, as they usually assist in the capture rendering s of the scheme deliverables from multiple angles and at different levels or details. The new blueprint models depend on the availability of proven best practices in the organization planning. They also defines the technology as well as the process design choices , which allows customers to jump-to start new efforts and extends their existing planning budgeting and focusing deployments across their organizations. It is true that, Cognos has recognized that, the process of planting is much more than just financial practices. This is something that ought to spread across the organization and be coordinated across many departments. On the other hand, giving appreciation to the fact, and giving support to it in principle in the planning software is just considered as being one thing, while supporting it in practice is just another practice. In Cognos, blue print helps in the users to adopt such like practices relatively easily. The current initiative planning blueprint covers both capital and labor initiatives. Multiple phased project planning has been addressed in the blueprint for the undertakings that seem to be capital intensive like adding new manufacturing capacity, along with labor initiatives like the implementation of large labor intensive projects. The blueprint schemes having strategic long range planning, in most cases assists firms in assessing the influence of market growth assumptions. Major initiatives such as new IT infrastructure, (McCarthy, 2009). Can be far much essential components for the growth of revenue, as well as increasing productivity. The management of complex financial in most cases, blueprint provides Leadership Qualities Charisma There are different skills that develop leadership qualities that the current and future generation leaders ought to have. The bellow mentioned qualities are far much vital for effective leadership. One of them is being charisma. There have been charisma leaders, who are still being honored for their passionate movements towards equality. For instance, Martin Luther kings I have a dream speech still impacts current peoples. Charisma lessons impact individuals through speeches as they reiterate on the radiation of personalities due to their expressive words in their fight against inequalities. There speeches need not to have the gift of touching individuals through their word choice. Leaders who tent to be charisma tent to be alluring, charming, as well as encouraging their followers to support a grand vision, (Tuia, 2008). Positive Attitude Current and future generation leaders need to posses positive attitudes, as they have the responsibility of influencing their future and current followers. Leaders in some companies like in BMW are viewed upon as role models to their employees and to the coming generation. In one way or the other, employees become very much dependent of leaders, due to the fact that, they are their vehicles to their employment world, and provide much needed help as well as the assistance. If the manger provides a positive learning experience to employees, they will then tent to drive this encouragement, and will succeed and become contagious. In general, under any condition, the positive attitude of leaders will always have a greater impact as well as the influence on their followers. Motivation Fin most cases, motivation leaders are trainers, however, they might also be managers. Though the aims and targets of employees or even players is a good determinant of prosperity in an organization, the motivating qualities of their leader is also of much significance. The motivation of a leader involves infusing their followers with high standards, as well as setting challenging but attainable targets and goals, as they continue performing well. As a result, the motivation capabilities of a leader enhance his followers performances. In addition, motivation also correlates with possessing positive attitude. The presence of positive attitude provides positive environment for the followers, who then fill much motivated to move to the leaders direction, where ultimate success can be attained. Assertiveness Current and future leaders are charged with the responsibility of guiding the direction of his or her company. Companies need firm and assertive leaders, who have the ability to delegate the work to their subordinates, as this will make them earn respect to follow through on their assignments. Assertive leaders have the ability to convey enforcements without being too autocratic to their followers. Din addition, assertive leaders never make their followers feel they are in a hostile environment; instead, they will respect their people, and at the same time demanding proper accountability. Since, leaders assertiveness and confidence earns respect, their followers tent to follow, emulate and help their leaders to achieve success, (Leithwood, 2005). Honesty Both current and future leaders need to be honest, as this is the sign of good leaders towards their work as well as employees. They ought to be honest to themselves as well. They should never loose integrity whatsoever the circumstance, as they will never be considered reliable and worthy following. Other qualities that current and future leaders need to look at include; patience, focus, dedication consistency, as well as effective communication, (Tuia, 2008). Lessons from Past Leadership Behaviors There is hunger for leadership in the business organization The past leaders have shown that, real heroism of leadership involves having courage to face the reality, as well as helping individuals close to face reality. The term vision in business means something that is abstract, But the quality of any vision depends on its accuracy, not just on its appeal or on how imaginative it is. (William, 1999) To muster the courage to face reality and interrogate it is the main function of a leader. Leaders do not get into the act of answering the questions like what values does the organization stand for? What are the organizations talent and skills?, this is because, it forms the old definition of leadership. This teaches that, the leader needs to have vision, answers and everything else is just a sales job to urge individuals to sign up for it. It is the responsibility of leaders to provide directions. In attaining these, they ought to structure questions well, other than offering definitive answers. There are differences between behaviors of leade rs who operates under the idea that, being a leader means impacting the organization to follow leaders direction, and those who think that, leadership means influencing the organization to face its problems and to live into its opportunities. (William, 1999). The second though, enables individuals in an organization to deal with tough challenges. And the lesson is, this is the new definition of leadership job. It Is Hard To Convince Individuals to Face the Reality Organizations are allergic to conflicts, especially organizations that have been under operation for a long period of time. This is based on the fact that, conflicts are much dangerous, as they may damage the relations, threaten friendships, but they also engineer innovation and creativity. Old behaviors have taught that, individuals never learn by looking at the mirror, but when encountered with a difficult condition. With this in mind, future and current leaders need to have the power of dealing with conflicts along with uncertainties. They need to have experimental mind-set. It is true that, there are some decisions that will work, but other might not. Just as like, there will be projects that will pay, while others will not. However, every decision and every project will provide lessons don how the world is changing, and how the organization compares with its competitors. This means that, facing the reality implies, dealing with mistakes and failures, especially our own failures in the organization. For instance, in 1990s, Bill Gates made a big decision about the internet, as he decided that, the net was not going to be such important, but later changed his decision after those who advised him contradicted the decision. How We Should Help Individuals Keep Their Bearings It is true that, not everything is subject to change, if the leader is obligated to help individuals face the reality, and mobilize them to make changes, Which values and operations are so central to our core that if we lose them, we lose ourselves? (William, 1999). The leaders at the highest level are supposed to lead conversations about what is important and what is not. For instance, it was very difficult for Lew Platt, who was the Hewlett-Packed CEO, to lead conversation about breaking up of his company, and about leaving the HP name, together with computer business other than with the test-and business of measurement, where they started. How Leaders Do Listen Most leaders in the past used do die with their mouth open, this teaches us that, leaders have to know how they listen, but listening is more subtle than how most individuals think. But first, and just as important, leaders must want to listen. (William, 1999). Good listening is engineered by curiosity along with empathy. Conclusion It is now obvious that, future leaders have no alternative other than becoming good change mangers. Markets have changed, conditions have also changed, as well; the business plans have undergone some changes. It is the choice of future and current leaders to either make a change a proactive decision or reactive compulsion. These leaders are obligated to shape today and tomorrow, it is not a definite time to start feeling sorry about tough circumstances, but is is an opportunity as well as a new day.

Melanoma (Skin Cancer) Essays -- Melanoma Skin Cancer

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people think that is it possible to achieve a â€Å"healthy tan,† but this thought has been proven wrong. Overexpose to UV-A and UV-B rays from the sun lead to premature aging of the skin, as well as the possible formation of skin cancer, know as melanoma. An appearance of a tan is actually a stage of burning and damage to the skin. Although a tan may be desirable to many, the fact remains that more people need to be educated on the dangers of the sun’s harmful rays, and the possible health complications of overexposure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three main types of skin cancer. These are malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. While melanoma is the most life-threatening of the three, it is also the most common. Melanoma will usually appear as a large mole or lesion on the skin, and usually suddenly. It generally tends to appear on the lower-backs of men and the lower-legs of women, though in elderly, sun-damaged persons, it is also prone to forming on the head and neck. While treatment is very successful when caught in the early stages, waiting too long can dramatically decrease the success rate of treatments. Catching the cancer early can result in simply having the mole-looking cancer removed, but if a patient delays treatment for any reason the cancer may spread to other (possibly vital) organs such as the digestive tract, lungs, eyes, or lymph nodes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The number of cases of melanoma in America is on the rise. According to the American Cancer Society, 6 in every 100,000 people had melanoma in 1973, but the rate has doubled to 12 in 100,000 in 1999. In 1998 alone, the disease claimed 7,300 people, which is a rate of one person every hour. Populations at a higher risk of developing skin cancer are those with strong sunlight all year round. Places such as Arizona have higher numbers of persons who develop skin cancers because they have a greater chance of overexposure to UV rays. Melanoma has been reported to be the most common form of cancer in America, and has also been shown to occur more frequently in superficial situations. Places such as tanning beds only emit UV-A rays, which is what causes skin to tan and was also once thought to be less harmful than UV-B rays. Research has now shown that it is the UV-A rays that actually aid in the formation of skin cancers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is also a percentage of the population... ...ut no one is immune. One should perform regular full body examinations approximately once a month, during which people should be looking for any irregular skin lesions or raised portions that have a dark blue, brown or black coloration that may be varied throughout. This may look like a mole, but will lack the symmetry of a mole, and will probably have an ill-formed border. Most people will know which moles have always been on their bodies, and which may be new growths, but when and if one comes across something strange or unfamiliar, they should see a doctor as soon as possible for a diagnosis, so that the cancer may be treated as early as possible. While many people view tan skin as desirable, it can truly kill, and those people need to be further educated on the dangers of tanning. Everyone should take preventative measures to save the health of their skin. Using a sun block and reapplying as needed, as well as limiting time spent in the sun are very important in aiding to the longevity of anyone’s life. It is important to remember the factors that may put someone at greater risk, but also that everyone and anyone can succumb to the potentially fatal disease that is melanoma. Melanoma (Skin Cancer) Essays -- Melanoma Skin Cancer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people think that is it possible to achieve a â€Å"healthy tan,† but this thought has been proven wrong. Overexpose to UV-A and UV-B rays from the sun lead to premature aging of the skin, as well as the possible formation of skin cancer, know as melanoma. An appearance of a tan is actually a stage of burning and damage to the skin. Although a tan may be desirable to many, the fact remains that more people need to be educated on the dangers of the sun’s harmful rays, and the possible health complications of overexposure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three main types of skin cancer. These are malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. While melanoma is the most life-threatening of the three, it is also the most common. Melanoma will usually appear as a large mole or lesion on the skin, and usually suddenly. It generally tends to appear on the lower-backs of men and the lower-legs of women, though in elderly, sun-damaged persons, it is also prone to forming on the head and neck. While treatment is very successful when caught in the early stages, waiting too long can dramatically decrease the success rate of treatments. Catching the cancer early can result in simply having the mole-looking cancer removed, but if a patient delays treatment for any reason the cancer may spread to other (possibly vital) organs such as the digestive tract, lungs, eyes, or lymph nodes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The number of cases of melanoma in America is on the rise. According to the American Cancer Society, 6 in every 100,000 people had melanoma in 1973, but the rate has doubled to 12 in 100,000 in 1999. In 1998 alone, the disease claimed 7,300 people, which is a rate of one person every hour. Populations at a higher risk of developing skin cancer are those with strong sunlight all year round. Places such as Arizona have higher numbers of persons who develop skin cancers because they have a greater chance of overexposure to UV rays. Melanoma has been reported to be the most common form of cancer in America, and has also been shown to occur more frequently in superficial situations. Places such as tanning beds only emit UV-A rays, which is what causes skin to tan and was also once thought to be less harmful than UV-B rays. Research has now shown that it is the UV-A rays that actually aid in the formation of skin cancers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is also a percentage of the population... ...ut no one is immune. One should perform regular full body examinations approximately once a month, during which people should be looking for any irregular skin lesions or raised portions that have a dark blue, brown or black coloration that may be varied throughout. This may look like a mole, but will lack the symmetry of a mole, and will probably have an ill-formed border. Most people will know which moles have always been on their bodies, and which may be new growths, but when and if one comes across something strange or unfamiliar, they should see a doctor as soon as possible for a diagnosis, so that the cancer may be treated as early as possible. While many people view tan skin as desirable, it can truly kill, and those people need to be further educated on the dangers of tanning. Everyone should take preventative measures to save the health of their skin. Using a sun block and reapplying as needed, as well as limiting time spent in the sun are very important in aiding to the longevity of anyone’s life. It is important to remember the factors that may put someone at greater risk, but also that everyone and anyone can succumb to the potentially fatal disease that is melanoma.

Voice over Internet Protocol Essay -- VoIP Technology Networking Essay

Voice over Internet Protocol Definition of VoIP â€Å"Mr. Watson, come here, I want you!† These were the first words that were spoken over the phone back on March 10 1876. If you combine this invention with the same invention of the first computer that was completed nearly 70 years later in 1946, you would then be able to access VoIP. VoIP is also known as voice over internet protocol. VoIP is in essence the ability to talk with ones voice via computer to computer. In the next few pages you will learn about the history of VoIP, how it works, the requirements that are needed to use VoIP, the benefits and risks of this type of technology, and lastly you will get a glimpse at the future of VoIP. Not many people know what VoIP is or even that it exists. VoIP was designed to help with the costs for long distance charges. The idea or premise of this type of technology was conceived to use ones phone line and make a call through the Internet. It was designed to be used for both local and long distance calls thus cutting phone bill costs. The VoIP way of communication was started back in 1995 and was the result of work done by some hobbyists in Israel (Interangent, 2005). These hobbyists as well as other great inventors saw a good idea. Their idea was to be able to communicate through the computer as appose to talking over the phone. The idea was not so much to get away from the phone system but more to avoid long distance charges. In the beginning VoIP was only available when there was a direct personal computer to personal computer connection. Later in 1995 Vocaltec, Inc. released Internet Phone Software (Interagent, 2005). In the beginning it was fairly difficult to use. Due to the fact that in order to really be able to communicate using VoIP both the computers that were trying to communicate to each other would be required to use the same equipment, have a sound card and use a microphone. It was a good first effort, but as many firsts, the quality was very poor. VoIP would make great strides in the next three years. In 1998 VoIP had made such great strides that some companies were able to offer personal computer to phone services. The strides also were able to offer phone to phone contact. In the beginning VoIP did not charge their customers but chose to get payment through advertisements. When you made the phone call you would have to wait through an advert... ...base TechLand Group (2005). Strategies for Migrating Corporate Voice Traffic to the Data Network, Retrieved June 6, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://www.techland.co.uk/index/page.index Try-three. (2005). History VoIP Article. Retrieved May 21, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.try-there.com/voip/directory/history-voip.html Tyson, J. (2005). How stuff works. How voip works. Retrieved June 3, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/ip-telephony.htm Voippreview. (2004). History of VoIP. Retrieved May 20, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.voipreview.org/news.details.aspx?nid=51 Wagner, J. (2004, June 21). Networking. Retrieved May 26, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.internetnews.com/infr/article.php/3371431 Webopedia (2005, June). VoIP. Retrieved June 10, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.webopedia.com What Is (2005, June). VoIP. Retrieved June 10, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.whatis.com Wikipedia (2004). Definitions in Technology. Retrieved May 26, 2005, from the World Wide Web: www.wikipedia.com Wikipedia (2005, June). VoIP. Retrieved June 11, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.wikipedia.org

Information Technology Essay

Write a 200- to 300-word short-answer response to the following: How is information used in the modern enterprise? How does this use affect IT systems? Information technology has become spreading widely throughout our society. We live in a modern world with Internet access from our home, fast food chains, offices, schools and on our mobile devices, such as iPhones, iPods, Blackberries and Android Phones. Nowadays, the use of internet became essential to communicate distantly and the use of social medias for interactions as well as businesses through online marketing or other called as the e-commerce. The rapid advancement of this system has elevated the importance of the IT function. Information technology in the modern enterprise has developed gradually from a back-office component to a most important operational constituent that could improve businesses performances and increases shareholders value. Enterprises such as marketing, sales and finance are now cooperated by information technology. The core success of an organization is information technology because it serves daily operational support and enables enterprise wide change. Since information technology is essential in a modern enterprise it is sometimes serve as a threat in today’s organization. One of the examples is the personal information which can be sending through the use of systems and it can be a threat if this information consolidated from banks and accounts pertaining to financial aspects. In these cases, applying triad could be helpful that is Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability. The protection of the information from disclosure to unauthorized users is confidentiality while integrity refers to protecting information from being modified by unauthorized users. Ensuring that authorized users are able to access the information when needed is availability.

Analysis: Ernest Hemingway’s The Indian Camp Essay

The short story â€Å"Indian Camp† is written by Ernest Hemingway. It is written in 1921 and takes place in North America. â€Å"Indian Camp† is about a young boy named Nick, who travels with his father and Uncle George to an Indian Camp to help an Indian girl, who has been in a painful labor for two days. Nick’s father performs a very primitive cesarean, and in meantime the woman’s husband commits suicide by cutting his throat. My intention with this essay is first to make a charactersation of the most important characters of the story. Afterwards I would like to make a short analysis of the structure, narrator and language. And at last I intend to make an interpretation of the theme of â€Å"Indian Camp†. The main character of the story is Nick, and the description of him is made implicit. We know that he is a boy, who has a great relationship with his father: â€Å"Nick lay back with his father’s arm around him. † p. 1, l. 9. He is a young boy, about 8-10 years, because he is old enough to see the cesarean, but not the suicide. Nick is very brave, because he tackles the whole situation without crying and screaming. He thinks a lot and reflex on life, which is seen in the end, when he keeps asking about life and death. Nick is a complex character, because he goes through a development. In the beginning of the story he is sitting next to his father in the stern of the boat, and he doesn’t really know what a birth is, but in the end he is sitting in front of his father in the boat and is sure about what life is. Nick’s father is a flat character. He is middle-age since he has a son and a long education. He is proud of being a doctor, which is seen, when he teaches Nick about the birth. He cares a lot about his son, because he apologize him for taking him to the Indian Camp. He wants to avoid making him nervous, so he only tells him a few necessary things about the trip. Uncle George doesn’t have an active role in the story. But it seems as if he has a friendly relationship with the Indians, because he is already in the camp in the beginning of the story, and he stays there after the birth. There are many signs, that he might be the father of the baby. He stands next to the woman under the birth, and when she bites him, she smiles. Her husband commits suicide. He was maybe ashamed of his wife being together with another man. Another sign could be, that in America they have a tradition that you hand out a cigar, when you become a father. â€Å"Uncle George gave both the Indians cigars. † p. 2, l. 3. Ernest Hemingway choice of narrator and languages is focused by, that we have to think self and read between the lines. He has used a 3th person omniscient narrator seen from Nick’s point of view. But sometimes the narrator changes to someone else’s point of view: Nick’s father is not â€Å"the father† but suddenly â€Å"the doctor†. Uncle George looked at his arm. † p. 4, l. 10. Nick doesn’t see this, because he isn’t in the room. The language in â€Å"Indian Camp† is objective. There isn’t used many adjectives and there is much direct speak. The whole story starts in a boat and ends in a boat. It has the structure: home-out-home, where there at home is cosmos and out chaos. Nick’s goes through his development, when he is out in chaos. The story starts in media-res and it has an open ending. Indian Camp† has many themes. Growing up is a good theme for this story, because Nick goes through the development from child to an adult. It could also be life and death, as a man dies and a baby is born. Another theme could be the bond between Nick and his father and how it clearly changes after the suicide. His father sees how important it is to protect the one you love and therefore apologizes to Nick. Ernest Hemingway’s short story is about how a child deals the â€Å"real tough† life and also about the secession process from parents and develops.